复合句常用关联词语的作用

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单句与复合句

从句与主句共同组成的句子被叫做复合句.按照从句与主句的关系,从句主要分为名词性从句,它在句子中起名词的作用即作主语,宾语；形容词性从句,它在句子中起形容词的作用,用来修饰名词,代词或全句；还有状语从句,它主要在句子中充当副词的作用,它有时间,地点,原因,条件,结果,目的,方式,比较,让步等状语从句.

1? 语法辨析

Incorrect: I won't tell you the name of the person who teach me English?

Correct: I won't tell you the name of the personwho teaches me English

? 定语从句又叫做形容词性从句,它在句中起修饰名词或全句的作用.它一般紧挨着他所修饰的名词出现,这个名词被叫做先行词.而引导定语从句的词有两种,其一关系代词： who, that (可指人或物), which (只指物), whom, whose；其二是关系副词：when, where, why. 当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,它的数取决于它所修饰的先行词.

Incorrect: We talked about the things and the people who wemet during the Second World War?

Correct: We talked about the things and the people that we met during

the Second World War?

? 因此句定语从句修饰的是两个先行词,其一是 things 指物；其二是 people指人.关系代词中 who 指人, which指物,所以都不可能用.只能用 that 指人又指物.

Incorrect: The bike, that my father bought yesterday was stolen?

Correct: The bike, which my father bought yesterday was stolen?

? 当先行词与定语从句被逗号分割开后,也就是讲有无这个修饰语对句子意思的表达无直接影响,这样的句子被称为非限制性定语从句.引导非限制性定语从句的关连词不可用 that, 其他的关系代词 who, which, whose, 和关系副词 where, why, when都可以使用.?

Incorrect: The radio which I bought it yesterday is very good?

Correct: The radio which I bought yesterday is very good?

Correct: The radio I bought yesterdayis very good?

? 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,虽然被放于句首,或省略,但它的语法成份仍被保留着.这时如再加宾语 it ,则是重复使用宾语了.?

Incorrect: The student I want to learn from is one which studies hard and works well?

Correct: The student I want to learn from is onewho studies hard and works well?

? which 只能指物,不能代人,而且在先行词是人的情况下,如： one, ones,anyone, those 时多用who而不要用that.?

Incorrect: The student who was praised at yesterday's meeting is the monitor who is very modest and studies very hard?

Correct: The student that was praised at yesterday's meeting is the monitor who is very modest and studies very hard?

? 当一句中出现两个修饰人的定语从句时,不宜两个引导词用相同的关系代词.

Incorrect: At that time her husband left his work in that he had been very successful and joined with her work?

Correct: At that time her husband left his workin which he had been very successful and joined with her work?

? 在指物时,如果是紧跟在介词后面作介词宾语时,不能用 that 而只能用 which. 但如果介词放于句尾,这时关系代词在句首则可以用 that, 如：?This is the dictionary that I am looking for

Incorrect: We should do all which is useful to the people?

Correct: We should do all that is useful to thepeople?

? 当先行词是指物时,先行词为all, much, little, something, everything,anything, nothing, none, the one 时,不要用which,而要用that作关系代词.?

Incorrect: The only thing which we could do was to ask thepolice for help?

Correct: The only thing that we could do was toask the police for help?

? 当先行词是由only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, very 等词修饰时,要用 that 作关系代词,而不要用 which.?

Incorrect: It is the first American film of this kind whichI've ever seen?

Correct: It is the first American film of this kind that I've ever seen?

? 当先行词是序数词,或由序数词修饰时,或是形容词最高级,或由形容词最高级来修饰时,其关系代词要用 that 而不要用 which.?

Incorrect: The museum which my father worked is often visited by foreigners?

Correct: The museum where my father worked is often visited by foreigners?

? 用关系代词,还是用关系副词,关键要看它在定语从句中的语法作用,在my father worked 中 work 是不及物动词,不要求宾语,所以只能用关系副词where,它等于 inthe museum.?

Incorrect: Is this museum that I visited two years ago?

Correct: Is this museum the one that I visited two years ago?

Correct: Is this museum the one I visitedtwo years ago?

? Is this museum…是个疑问句形式.换为陈述句时应为This museum is …这时它少一个表语 the one, 其后再跟定语从句.这时定语从句的引导词在定语从句中作宾语可以省略.但如果换一个句型则不然,如：Is this the museum that I visited two yearsago? 这句话换为陈述句时应为：This is the museum that I visited two years ago? 当然 that 也可以省略.

Incorrect: This was the last time he lived here?

Correct: This was the last time that he lived here?

? 当先行词是 the last time 时,定语从句中的 that应视为副词,而不是代词.这是个例外.?

Incorrect: Which everybody can see, that animal is like ahorse?

Correct: As everybody can see, that animal is like a horse?

? as 与 which 都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句,修饰前面的整个句子.这时它没有明确的先行词,但当这个非限制性定语从句用于句首时,则只能用as.?

Incorrect: He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school?

Correct: He is the only one of the teachers whoknows French in our s

chool?

? the only one of 其后需加复数名词,但其后面的定语从句中的谓语动词要用单数形式.?

Incorrect: The suggestion which the student should take part in more outdoor games is very good?

Correct: The suggestion that the student shouldtake part in more outdoor games is very good?

? 这里的从句不是定语从句,而是同位语从句(名词性从句).而 which 不引导同位语从句.在同位语从句中 that 只是单纯的引导词,它不起任何语法作用,即不充当主语也不充当宾语.同位语从句常用在 idea, news, fact, promise, suggestion, truth等词之后.

Incorrect: I think you are not right?

Correct: I don't think you are right?

? think, believe, suppose, expect 这四个词的否定句应否定在主句中,而宾语从句中不用否定式.?

Incorrect: It was the factory where his brother wanted to go to?

Correct: It was the factory that his brother wanted to go to?

? It was (is) … that (who) 这是一个强调句型.要注意的是它只有过去时和现在时两个时态,而且只有单数形式.如果要强调时间状语时,应将介词一起放在it is (was) … that之间,如：It was in 1949 that the People's Republic of China was founded!?

Incorrect: How pity that you can't come with us!?

Correct: What a pity that you can't come with us!?

? 感叹句用来表达说话者的喜怒哀乐的强烈感情,一般可用what 与 how 来开始. how 用来修饰形容词或副词；如： How beautiful she is! 用what 来修饰名词,如是可数名词是单数时加不定冠词 a.如：What hard work it is! What a useful dictionary it is!?

表2－2感叹句习惯用法简表

功用 结构 例句

表示惊喜悲怒等情绪 what＋a+形容词+单数名词?

what＋形容词+复数名词?

what＋形容词+不可数名词

What a tall boy he is!

What beautiful pictures these are!

What fine weather it is!

how＋形容词?

how＋副词

how＋主语+动词 How blind you are!

How well they fit!

How time flies!?

Incorrect: There's not much news in today's newspaper, isit?

Correct: There's not much news in today's newspaper, is there?

? 附加疑问句前,前者是肯定后者为否定,否则异然,但要有几个特别注意的事是： ① 由there is 起始的句子附加疑问句用 is (isn't) there; ② 如主句的主语为nothing, anything, something, everything … 或非指人的all, that, this时,附加疑问句中一律用 it 作主语.如：Nothing can stop our going, can't it? ③ 若主语是no one, neither, nobody, anybody, anyone … 或指人的all, those, these, 其附加疑问句都用 they 作主语.如： Neither of them are right, are they? ④ 如果是句子或短语作主语时,附加疑问句的主语用it, 如: What he said is right, isn't it? ⑤ think,suppose, believe 等词的附加疑问句的主语与助动词要与宾语从句的主语与助动词一致.而否定还是肯定则要根据主句而定,如： I don't think you are right, are you?

How

are

you?你好吗？

Nice

to

meet

you（适用于第一次见面）很高兴见到你。

Nice

to

see

you

again（适用于曾经见过，但不太熟的人）很高兴再见到你。

How

have

you

been?（适用于有一阵子没见面的朋友）

你过得怎么样？

Long

time

no

see（适用于很久没见的朋友）好久不见

How

is

it

going?近况如何。

How’s

everything

with

you?你的一切如何？

Hi!

Are

you

having

fun?嗨，你过得愉快吗？

How

have

you

been

(feeling)?你近来如何？

So

far

so

good到目前还好。

Greetings

with

People

Met

Often问候常见面的人

Hi,

there!嗨，哈罗！

How

are

you

doing?

I

can’t

complain

too

much你好吗？我不能太抱怨。（还不错）。

How

is

your

business

going?你生意做得怎样？

How

are

things

going?事情进行得怎样？

How

is

your

day

going?过得如何？

How

are

you

doing

these

days?

Well,

about

the

same最近好吗？嗯，差不多一样。

What’s

new?近况如何。

How

do

you

feel

today?你今天觉得怎样？

I

feel

like

a

new

man我觉得好像脱胎换骨了。

Are

you

making

progress?你有进展吗？

Have

gotten

over

your

cold?你感冒好了吗？

Did

you

sleep

soundly

last

night?你昨晚睡得好吗？

What’s

the

matter?

Don’t

you

feel

well?怎么了？你不舒服吗？

Why

are

you

so

cross

today?你今天怎么这么容易生气？

You

look

tiredHad

a

big

night?你看起来很疲倦。昨晚刺激吗？

How

come

you

look

so

tired?你怎么看起来这么疲倦？

Why

are

you

in

such

a

good

mood?你怎么心情这么好？

You

look

under

the

weather

today你今天好像不舒服。

Is

anything

wrong?有什么不对劲吗？

Where

are

you

headed?你去哪里？

I’m

on

my

way

to

the

library我要去图书馆。

Where

have

you

been?你去哪里了？

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